Tips on Writing a State-of-the-Art English Literature Dissertation

Here comes the time of final English literature dissertation writing. Before anything else you should understand that literature dissertation is quite longer than any other dissertation writing, and require a deep involvement with the area of research. As literature is a very elegant and deep subject, hence the assessment by university or college would be done at much higher standard than the assessment of other areas of studies.

Before moving further, it's important to discuss that what Literature is. According to Wikipedia, "Literature is the art of written works". Subsequently, when we see what English Literature is, Wikipedia now define it as, "English literature is the literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England".

While writing your English literature writing, you need to focus greatly on dissertation literature review. You should not mix the connotation of literature review with the main English literature dissertation. Literature review of dissertation is actually a part of the dissertation in which you deeply go through the written work done by the previous English writers, and cite the important points which are necessary for your English literature dissertation. I recommend reading the work of famous writers like Charles Dickens, William Makepeach Thackeray's, Bronte sisters, Oscar Wilde's, and Rudyard Kipling in order to find some great ideas for your English literature dissertation topics.

Don't forget to use the referencing style which is recommended by your university/college. Ask your supervisor about the style they follow before starting the literature review, and stick to it from start to end. Harvard, Oxford, APA, MLA and MHRA are some famous referencing styles used in dissertation writing. Usually, MLA style is used for the subjects like literature, arts, and humanities, therefore you will most probably be asked to use MLA style.

As you will go through an English literature based dissertation, error free and good standard of English will be required to avoid criticism and embarrassment. Moreover, take care that final copy of your English literature dissertation should not contain any grammar, typography and spelling mistakes. Proof read the final work several times, and also get it proof read by your friends and family members to make it a perfect English literature dissertation without a single mistake in it.

Conclusion

Of course, the time of dissertation writing is tough but the time could be interesting. Don't take your English literature writing as a burden, take it easy and do it systematically. Once, you understand how to write literature dissertations, no force in this world can stop you to complete your dissertation far before the expected completion time.

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Progression Literature: The Literature of Denouement: Introducing a New Literary Genre

PROGRESSION LITERATURE: THE LITERATURE OF DENOUEMENT:

INTRODUCING A NEW LITERARY GENRE

What one hears, reads, says, sees, tastes, feels , remembers, and experiences affects our understanding. It is ‘truth’ as we perceive it. Remembering, in particular, evokes attitudes and emotions linked to ‘true’ knowledge of past events. Such experiences affect how we experience and interpret the present – especially if a past event is somehow linked to a present or impending event. For example, if one had been bitten by a white dog in the past, seeing the same white dog again can bring forth an automatic reaction, such as fear or aversion, even if the dog now appears friendly to others, who may then not understand your apprehensive reaction. Your perception of reality is different, though you and the others are both presented with the identical stimulus and information at the present moment.

In fact, much of what we might believe to be a ‘fresh’ experience is likely to be based on many past experiences that may or may not be directly related. A beautiful woman, never before seen by a particular male, may attract, have no effect on him, or repel, depending on past experience/ inexperience. First impressions are often based on past experience, learned prejudice, or instinct: a classic study in Scientific American showed pictures of the same male face, but with different amounts of hair, to respondents. Hairiness ranged from totally bald to long beard and long hair, complete with mustache. Respondents were asked to put the faces they saw in order, according to attractiveness. The shaved face, without mustaches and with neatly trimmed hair, was chosen as the most attractive. Total hairiness and total baldness were lowest on the list. In addition, the presence of a mustache reduced confidence. The faces presented were identical in every other respect. Progression from stage to stage of hairiness versus baldness was judged as a factor of attractiveness, but the test subjects didn’t see the face progress in cumulative stages (progression).

Progression in literature review (cumulative stages of revelation of facts) is what makes reading enjoyable: we aren’t certain of the outcome, and what we think is true can develop in different directions, depending on the information given. In fact, different readers guarantee different reactions. A fine novel captures the attention and interest of most readers.

Real world experiences are not, generally, as complete as a crafted novel. Modern writers, of course, reflect the chaos of our emerging modern world in what, for convenience, I term chaotic literature, white noise literature, with more or less deconstruction or minimalist influences. The result is discomfort for most readers, who must deal with the same stressors in real life. Time, for example, is short, and many of the most popular works, such as Stephen King’s works, are eagerly read because an entirely different world is spread out to relish and enjoy, however macabre. Fantasy and science fiction works have their loyal followings, too. In all writing, ‘truth’ is important -- a guideline in the fog, a face in the mirror, or a beacon in the night. But ‘Truth’ is perceived through a mist of the prejudices we gather in life experiences over time. Truth’ has impact: among other possible repercussions and reactions to its revelation, emotions and thinking can be stimulated or depressed. At any time, what is perceived in the real world as ‘truth’ can suddenly change.

Ian F. A. Bell describes Tony Tanner’s approach to this phenomenon in his introduction to Tanner’s The American Mystery:

“Tanner conceives of the dematerialization of language in American literature, the move beyond the structure of binary opposites, as a continuous process of self-invention. This move involves literary strategies of transformation: the construction of ontological identity, character, and modes of representation. As Tanner observers…if life was in “flux” or constant “metamorphosis,” then writing should be the same. As Emerson says, “In the beginning of America, was not only the word but the contradiction of the word.”

Bell goes on to describe Tanner’s analysis of Hawthorne’s language in The Blithedale Romance:

“…The Blithedale Romance does not ask what constitutes the real, much less the Real, as reality is only “known by the conviction that you have not got it.” As an American Romantic, however, Hawthorne may be suggesting that to know that reality is not real could be the beginning of a Real experience. Tanner tracks the binaries between fact and fiction, forgery and real money as a means of determining the “true” copy; whether “forging” the uncreated conscience of one’s race or forging money, “both ‘forgers’ work by putting falsities/fictions into circulation.”

And finally, in his study of Melville’s The Confidence Man, Bell notes what Tanner says about “reversibility” and “interchangeability”:

“Melville’s novel about trust and confidence in the new world of America, shows how “reversibility” can be re-cast as “interchangeability.” This term, which Tanner borrows from Thomas Mann, registers “the multiplicity and sheer ontological dubiety of the self” in a world where identity, as determined by the constructivist nature of language, is constantly being reinterpreted.”

Whether it is Newspeak, Orwellian style, or Spin City, whether it is a news report or a personal experience, above all, we trust personal experience, and then the Voice of Authority. Anyone with intelligence, plus sufficient interest in the case, can eventually recognize the spins and spirals in the Official Version of the Kennedy assassination. Calling people who discard the Official Version “conspiracy theorists,” while calling supporters of the Official Version “assassination analysts” exemplifies the polarization that can occur in searching for the ‘truth.’

Christopher Sharrett reviews Art Simon’s book, Dangerous Knowledge (concerning truth and imagery in the JFK Assassination debate) with some acerbic insights:

“the endless debate…came to constitute an "epistemological crisis," as each official and nonofficial investigation refuted a previous truth claim, and interpretation formed a huge Moebius Strip that traps the body politic and renders truth itself indeterminant but continues to provoke discussion.”

Sharrett notes a lack of moral center in these twisting and turnings of the truth:

“Simon invokes Michel Foucault's remark that "Power has its principle not so much in a person as in a certain concerted distribution of bodies, surfaces, lights, gazes." This simultaneously compelling, obtuse, and arid remark is emblematic of much postmodern discourse... Foucault's linkage of the gaze to power is not the sum and substance of Simon's method, but it does much to turn this work into a studious, eloquent, but labored exercise lacking a real political and moral center.”

Even Official Versions can be abandoned when necessary: enough time has now passed that the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, which provided an excuse to bomb Hanoi, is no longer presented as the ‘actual truth.’ Evidence suggests the incident never occurred, but it’s too late for Hanoi, and for many Americans who haven’t seen the new evidence, American ships were fired upon in the Gulf of Tonkin. ‘Truth’ for those who have come upon or noticed the new evidence differs from those who did not, and both groups will claim they have ‘the truth.’ Progression of knowledge from the former stance to the latter was incomplete. Incomplete transmittal of ‘the truth’ occurs constantly, creating divisions and conflicts. In real life ‘truth’ is almost a commodity.

Literature can be replenished and reach new heights if the principles of progression and perceived ‘truth’ are properly developed by the innovative writer. In the examples presented in the small sample collection of short-short stories provided in this paper, the potential range for progression literature (the genre could also be called the literature of denouement) can be stunning – mind-blowing—and i9t can happen in ‘real life’ as well. Films such as Tarantino’s Pulp Fiction exhibit progression/denouement qualities. A killer known to be dead is shown very much alive after his death, with incredible impact. To the patrons in a restaurant, terrorized by robbers, they’ll never know that one of their ‘saviors’ later died, or that the two men had come into the restaurant to eat after cleaning out a car full of gore and pieces of brain. Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire brought the same approach from stage to film: we slowly realize that the ‘truth’ will never be fully known to Stella, whose passions are manipulated by Stanley, her brutal husband.

Much can be done to fully develop the new genre. The short-short story collection shown here presents controversial religious experiences and interpretations, as felt or reported by persons under widely different conditions. Time can change ‘reality’ and ‘truth’ for the reader or for those in the stories, as more information is obtained., The information might be false, however, leading to false conclusions, which may or may not alter others’ perception of what is ‘true,’ or new information might reveal a ‘new’ or unsuspected truth, or confirm a suspicion. Anything is possible, for ‘truth’ is what is perceived by each individual, or accepted due to the voice of authority. Those impacted by the ‘truth’ can create or live in entirely different universes, depending on the individual, to say nothing of the vicarious experiences felt by the reader or viewer (via literature, film, video games, etc.).

In addition, the writer-as-truth-teller can present the ‘truth’ more vividly and with greater emotional impact, employing the arts as well as the sciences, setting the ‘truth’ in proper proportion to right and wrong, with the potential to sculpt a moral perspective that a simple, arid recounting of events cannot, thus revealing a social aspect and interpretation to ‘truth’ that delivers a personal weight to the individual. Engels, commenting on the impact of Balzac’s Comédie humaine, observed how Balzac delivered “a most wonderfully realistic history of French society ... from which, even in economic details (for instance the re-arrangement of real and personal property after the Revolution) I have learned more than from all the professed historians, economists and statisticians of the period together.”

A simple progression example is to reveal how two people meet after years of absence. They assess the differences now present, compared to the past. These may be psychological as well as physical. What if one person s simply pretending, and isn’t as he seems, or perhaps isn’t the person from the past at all, but is merely masquerading as such? Would/will/can the other person ever find out? Perhaps, perhaps not. Denouement to the reader can be exhilarating, shocking, disappointing, etc., to say nothing of the reactions that can be created by the writer as the story progresses. Truth becomes an object of itself, with its own life, its own history, created within and outside the progression, and may not be ‘true’ after all. Yet the ‘truth’ may be more important than ‘reality’ for political, practical, or social reasons. ‘Truth’ ends up being what we finally believe. If our information remains slight, or even if supporting facts accumulate, the ‘truth’ remains unchanged unless conflicting information enters that is accepted by the recipient. And what about experiencing only conflicting, untrue information at the very onset? We are all familiar with the effects of advertising and propaganda. Hence, ‘truth’ is a hostage of fortune.

Progression could highlight how people change through time – perhaps a sinner really can become a saint! Yet another kind of progression involves revelation, where a character is developed before the reader via actions, events, and so on, but then unravels or morphs due to what we next learn. There is always the chance that what we think we know is not real. Dialogue – actual conversations – might reveal ‘the truth’ – and can be persuasive – if ‘the truth’ is being fully revealed. What if it isn’t? I use the example of a person thought to be a scammer turning out to be a saint, but seen by the world in the news, upon learning of his suicide (which isn’t presented here) as a man with a checkered reputation who took “the coward’s way out.” Read the short-short stories yourself, then decide how cruelly you could make the news story reflect the ‘truth’ as the Official Version would have it. There are two ‘saints’ in the short-short story collection: progression literature tells us much more than meets the eye.

In the literature of progression, just as in real life, ‘truth’ is indeed in the eye of the beholder, so I hope I will be forgiven for appropriating the cliché for the short-short story collection. In the examples of progression that I choose to present, brevity is used – but I stress that the objective is not to be gimmicky or to play tricks on the reader, nor necessarily to be brief, for the skilful writer now has a tool of power. I suggest a respectful treatment of the original perspectives in the foundation stories of progression literature, as they can relate marvelously, in talented hands, to the perspective which emerges or is revealed or appreciated later.

1. Nevertheless, my thesis material included several foundation stories in the genre which anchored my ideas for progression literature in the domain of short stories
2. Think of the ramifications of knowing a ‘truth’ – unless the dog now treats you in a friendly manner. Where, then, is your ‘truth’ to others?

The literature of progression invokes past events, but might now address a different part of a different story altogether, and ‘you’ may be in a different situation: for others, your story of a biting dog may seem utterly senseless, if this dog is known to be friendly to all. And so on. .

1. Why?
2. Thus untruth, or mistaken perceptions, or misinterpretations, can happen before or after the offering of the ‘truth,’ and we may be unable to discern which version/experience is ‘true’ even though one story, in this case, involves misperceptions and conclusions based on misconceptions and experiences which were ‘untrue’ but seemed ‘true.’
3. Denouement cannot bring forth the ‘truth’ because of the sheer volume of conflicting declarations stating the ‘truth.’

There is the element of the voyeur or the rascal involved in writing the non-fiction novel, related to our concerns, where historical characters are fleshed out fictionally to enhance or comply with a stereotype originally created to advance an Official Version that is controversial. Particularly disturbing is when the stereotype is advanced to ‘truth’ by the new fictionalized treatment. If the writer is actually unfamiliar with the historical person, of necessity then relying on what remains of the ‘truth’ in the Official Version [or other extant] records, the ‘new truth’ can become the final and lasting impression. For example, Don DeLillo’s Libra presents a cold-blooded view of Oswald’s treatment of his wife, based on her reports. The brutal glimpses DeLillo gives us of Oswald’s treatment of his wife are seared into the memory: what Oswald told me about his fights with his wife has no place in the version of the ‘truth’ DeLillo created.

Nevertheless, denouement literature, in progression format, can wrest -- even from a DeLillo opus -- a new and relevant perspective. David Foster Wallace summarizes the challenges to the writer of great literature in today’s fast-moving world, where entertainment is cheap, easily accessed, and well-designed:

“(There is)a contempt for the reader, an idea that literature's current marginalization is the reader's fault. The project that's worth trying is to [make]…the reader confront things rather than ignore them, but to do that in such a way that it's also pleasurable to read… Part of it has to do with living in an era when there's so much entertainment available…and figuring out how fiction is going to stake out its territory in that sort of era. You can try to confront what it is that makes fiction magical in a way that other kinds of art and entertainment aren't. And to figure out how fiction can engage a reader, much of whose sensibility has been formed by pop culture, without simply becoming more shit in the pop culture machine. It's unbelievably difficult and confusing and scary, but it's neat. There's so much mass commercial entertainment that's so good and so slick, this is something that I don't think any other generation has confronted. That's what it's like to be a writer now.”

Progression literature can be exciting and relevant. It can do many things: turn the reader’s perspective upside down, enhance understanding of human nature, restore truth to history -- depending on the author’s intentions and abilities. “The literature of denouement”, or, “progression literature,” in more skilled hands than mine might well provide a revitalization to modern literature, with new depth and excitement in its inimitable approach to crafting.

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Literature Stand Displays

A Literature Stand or literature display is an effective tool for any trade show booth or retail environment. A literature stand display can hold individual sheets of literature, magazines, brochures or any valuable literature that needs to be displayed.Literature review also take up little space so you are sure to have a place for one or two in your trade show display area or retail environment. There are many styles of literature displays on the market today. Take some time to review all of your options and choose what's right for you.

Folding or Collapsible - Literature Stand Displays
Folding literature stands are very popular with trade show exhibitors because of the compact feature they all have in common. Folding literature stands are built to collapse into a fold-away size for easy storage and transportation. Another great feature is the ability to keep your literature inside the literature stand while in transport. Leave your literature inside the stand, slip the stand into its case and you're ready to go. Now that's real convenience!

Modular Literature Displays
A modular literature stand breaks out into several parts or lays flat into a case when not in use. But when it is in use it will be a show stopper for any trade show booth or business location. The modular type literature stand display is often a bit heavier than some of the other types of literature stands but are still considered portable.

Roll up Literature Stand Display
The most lightweight full size literature stand is the mesh roll up literature stand. The mesh literature stand rolls up to a very small size and takes up very little space in travel or storage. Yet when rolled out to full size this literature stand can display 8 pockets for literature, brochures or magazines.

Table Top Literature or Brochure Holder
Table top literature displays are always a great addition at a trade show or a retail setting. Very handy and taking up very little space a brochure holder can be placed almost anywhere and present your literature in a very stylish way.

Literature Display – plus Podium
When limited on space no need to choose between a literature stand and a podium. You can get the two together with a Triplex Podium Literature Display. This literature stand/podium will hold three pockets of literature and pull up to the height of a podium with a wooden top big enough to place a computer on.

Information Centers
Another type of literature display where you get a two-for-one deal is called an information center. These unique literature displays have an adjustable shelf that will hold your literature and also give you a large frame to hold a 22"x28"x.25" sign or graphic.

There are many types of literature stand displays available on the market today that will compliment your marketing display and support your sales or exhibit team. By naming a few categories we hope to give you a head start on your journey of Literature Display shopping.

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Your Guide To Reviewing Literature

rom famed movie critic Roger Ebert, who wields influence over hundreds of thousands of moviegoers every day, to a student reviewer in a school newspaper, the dissertation review holds an important place in our culture. The earliest reviews were of books and plays, and this guide will show how to write quality reviews about those two forms of media, but the skills you will learn here can be applied anywhere, from music to video games.

At first glance, reviewing looks easy: hey, I get to tell people what I think, and they have to listen! This is great! Beware, however, because good reviewing includes much more than your opinion. You must back up your feelings with support if you want to influence anyone. Try to explain why you felt a certain way, what it was about the literature that moved you to enjoy it or not, instead of just telling the reader what you thought.

The literature review can follow virtually any format. Some are structured like a relaxed stroll in the park: they meander through the book from start to finish, writing about whatever strikes their fancy, a well-defined character here or a bad plot device here: in this type of review, you simply tell the reader what you saw as you went through the book.

Other reviews are like a guided tour of a city. They have a strict itinerary, with setting over here, characters over here and so on. These reviews tend to be nonlinear, jumping back and forth around the book to illustrate a point.

Each of these approaches has its advantages and disadvantages, and there is lots of middle ground between them. Choose one and stick with it.

Lots of reviewers like to recap some of the plot to give the reader some context, but you don't want to give away major plot points, since you don't want to ruin the story for your reader. If a certain scene illustrates something important about the book, sketch it in detail.

What can you write about in a review? Virtually anything: you can right about a book's plot, its narrative structure, its cohesion, its style, its tone, its characters, its pacing, its setting, the author's storytelling, or whatever else comes to mind. Your job is to help the reader decide whether or not to read the book, and so you can draw on any aspect of the work that helps you to do that. You never know what will strike the reader and make him or her say, oh, I get it. As long as you are connecting with your readers and helping them to make sense of the book, you are good to go.

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A Good Business Dissertation Literature Review Is Written To Target A Particular Audience

Students, who wish to do business management, have to submit a business dissertation. It is a lengthy document which consists of many sections and written on specific topics which relate to various facets of business management. The subject areas can involve marketing, management, and organizational behavior, HRM, Finance, production and many more. The dissertation can address any of these subjects provided it is informative and is relevant. Depending upon the subject area chosen for the business dissertation, it should be written in a manner which is suitable to the audience it is targeted for. For example, if the dissertation topic is about technology in the production floor, it is then targeted for a dissertation committee which has technical experts as well as academics from production management back ground. Therefore the language and format of the dissertation will incorporate technical aspects and include technical data etc, than that of dissertations written for other fields as HRM or business ethics.

A business dissertation has many sections which need to be written clearly and concisely. These sections include introduction, literature review, methodology, and discussions. The formatting should adhere to the requirements set by the dissertation committee. The common type of formatting for business research is the Harvard system and there are plenty of resources on line which gives detailed guidelines on how to follow this system. Students should acquire a thorough knowledge of the formatting requirements prior to embarking on the dissertation writing process.

The first step in writing a business dissertation is to select an appropriate and novel topic. Before conducting the actual research study, the students should submit their dissertation proposal to the Dissertation Committee for approval. A proposal for the dissertation must outline the intended study and the proposed dissertation questions or hypothesis being explored. The significance of the study and the intended contribution of new knowledge should be highlighted in the research proposal rationale. Once the approval for the dissertation has been granted the students can embark on the actual dissertation project. This involves drafting the introduction chapter, the conducting of literature review and writing this chapter and then the designing and writing of the dissertation methodology. Primary research for the dissertation takes up an extensive amount of time and must adhere to proper researching techniques. This is why you need to place extra attention to developing a sound and reliable research design and methodology for your study. A business dissertation may use quantitative research, qualitative research or a mix method. Depending on this choice, the research tools as surveys, questionnaires, observations, focus groups or interviews can be utilized.

Having gathered the data, they need to be properly analyzed. Dissertation data analysis is highly technical and students must apply proper statistical analysis methods or qualitative analysis methods in to evaluating, analyzing and interpreting the data gathered. These analyzed data will then be used to write the discussion chapter. Within the discussion, one must discuss the findings of the study in relation to the dissertation objectives and questions. The discussion should also address the managerial and business implications of the findings.

As apparent, the writing of a business dissertation is not a simple task. It calls for multiple skills and talents as well as expert knowledge of the theoretical framework applicable within which the dissertation study is grounded upon. Dissertations also call for excellent formal writing skills. Students often find it hard to come by all these skills and seek writing assistance from professional dissertation services.

These firms offer students the options of getting a custom dissertation written by a professional dissertation writer that is well qualified in the field of business management. These professional writing assistance services offer ideas, guidance, examples and editing and proof reading services as well for those who wish to fine tune their writing to a high standard.

After all, a lot is riding on the quality of dissertation you will be submitting. After investing money, effort and time in to studying many years in a degree program, the dissertation is the final submission you will make in order complete the requirements. As such, it is wise for students to seek professional assistance, if you encounter problems, especially in technical areas such as methodology design, field research or in data analysis.

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Literature research paper

Literature research paper is an important part of the school and college curricula. It requires a lot of patience and hard work to make a proper literature paper.

Literature review is one of the great blessings of mankind. The reading habit is one of the

greatest resources of mankind.

We can look into their innermost heart of hearts. Borrowed

books are like guests in the house. They have to be handled with considerate formality.

our own books can be handled and enjoyed more freely. Favorite passages in them can

be marked for easy reference. Their pages can be dog eared. We should, therefore, start

building up a private library in our youth. Our book shelves should be free from doors

and windows. These should be freely visible and accessible. Our books are the best mural

decorations. They are our intimate friends. While sitting alone in the firelight, we are

surrounded by these friends in print. The awareness that the books are there at hand is in

itself stimulating and refreshing, even if we don’t read all of them.

The main point in making a literature research paper is the collection of different facts from different sources. Most of the data collected will be secondary in nature. Different types of sources can be used like reviews, dossiers, biographies, letters, diaries etc. for collecting vital data.

1) Letters: letters are often used by researchers as evidences in the study of the Polish Peasant. The authors Thomas and Znaniecki analyzed 754 letters exchanged between the Poles in the USA and those in Poland. Most of the educated persons write a number of letters during the course of their lives. Letters are the medium of expressions of the feelings, likes and dislikes, plans, attitudes, desires, emotions, ambitions and also important incidents of life. Letters are personal and reliable. Therefore, they constitute one of the most reliable sources of information about interrelationships, such as friendship, love, marital affairs, family tensions and divorces etc. In spite of so many advantages, letters have notable limitations, which are as follows-

a) It is difficult to collect private letters. In the first instance, many people do not preserve their letters for a long time. This is particularly true about those letters which consist of important secrets. Secondly, no one can pass off his personal or confidential letters to any other person

b) The letters do not provide detailed and complete description of incidents.

c) If letters of only one persons are secured, they hardly provide scientific data since no comparable information is available

d) It is difficult to imagine as to how much reliability may be expected in a letter. It may be absolutely false and descriptive. For example, love letters are generally full of artificiality, hypocrisy and deceit.

Literature is the immortal part of history and an enduring part of our personality. The great dead are beyond our physical reach. The great living beings are seldom accessible. But in our private library, we can communicate with even the most celebrated writers at any moment, through their books, in which they have laid themselves out.

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Secret of Successful Literature

Writing a literature thesis is not that tricky. However, it comprises of many steps.

The following steps distinguishes in the set-up of a thesis,
a) Cover and title-page on the title-page of a literature thesis should have the writer’s name, the date and year with the supervisors name and dept.
b) Second comes the preface and acknowledgments here the thesis writer has to give reasons for taking the particular subject, and must not forget to thank all those people who have contributed in the completion of this literature thesis.

c) Next comes the table of contents

d) Introduction
An introduction should be very clear and should be able to grab the readers’ interest. The literature thesis writer should state briefly what he /she is going to do and how and should mention the various parts of the literature thesis.


e) Body
In order to write a good literature thesis the writer should know the author’s biography. It is important to mention basics like when and where he lived, the country and his way of life. This way it would be easy for the reader to know what circumstances the story was written. If the writer knows all these peculiarities, the literature thesis can be really reflective.
To succeed in writing a good literature review thesis the writer should study the critics of other authors concerning this particular work. The writer has to be aware of other points of view. Critics will also help the writer to understand something that that he or she could not sort out themselves.
In a literature review thesis the writer should make an analysis of the influence of the chosen work on literature in general.
F) Conclusion
A good literature review thesis will always have a good impact on the reader. So that he reads more and without unfailing interest right till the conclusion.
f) Appendices


e) Footnotes
Footnotes should be incorporated in the literature thesis they can also be cited at the bottom of the page or at the end of the chapter.
g) Bibliography
All material used to prepare the literature thesis.

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Tips on Writing a State-of-the-Art English Literature Dissertation

Here comes the time of final English literature dissertation writing. Before anything else you should understand that literature dissertation is quite longer than any other dissertation writing, and require a deep involvement with the area of research. As literature is a very elegant and deep subject, hence the assessment by university or college would be done at much higher standard than the assessment of other areas of studies.

Before moving further, it's important to discuss that what Literature is. According to Wikipedia, "Literature is the art of written works". Subsequently, when we see what English Literature is, Wikipedia now define it as, "English literature is the literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England".

While writing your English literature dissertation, you need to focus greatly on dissertation literature review. You should not mix the connotation of literature review with the main English literature dissertation. Literature review of dissertation is actually a part of the dissertation in which you deeply go through the written work done by the previous English writers, and cite the important points which are necessary for your English literature dissertation. I recommend reading the work of famous writers like Charles Dickens, William Makepeach Thackeray's, Bronte sisters, Oscar Wilde's, and Rudyard Kipling in order to find some great ideas for your English literature dissertation topics.

Don't forget to use the referencing style which is recommended by your university/college. Ask your supervisor about the style they follow before starting the literature review, and stick to it from start to end. Harvard, Oxford, APA, MLA and MHRA are some famous referencing styles used in dissertation writing. Usually, MLA style is used for the subjects like literature, arts, and humanities, therefore you will most probably be asked to use MLA style.

As you will go through an English literature based dissertation, error free and good standard of English will be required to avoid criticism and embarrassment. Moreover, take care that final copy of your English literature dissertation should not contain any grammar, typography and spelling mistakes. Proof read the final work several times, and also get it proof read by your friends and family members to make it a perfect English literature dissertation without a single mistake in it.

Conclusion

Of course, the time of dissertation writing is tough but the time could be interesting. Don't take your English literature writing as a burden, take it easy and do it systematically. Once, you understand how to write literature dissertations, no force in this world can stop you to complete your dissertation far before the expected completion time.

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3 Essential Tips To Accomplish A Literature Review Successfully

I feel dizzy, whenever it comes to writing a literature review. The fact is it’s a literary piece, which needs thorough reading of related academic resources along with understanding them all completely. It is the discussion, which gives your point of view on published material. Literature review is based on contextualize and latest research work, which is mostly placed in the beginning of the project, so that a reader can refer to it completely.

Including a summary in a dissertation literature review is a wrong theory, because it involves review of only important body contents of the book, that is, the main arguments should be discussed in a paper. I usually highlight the main parts of the book while reading it, which are relevant to my project. This is the main trick to grab the important parts of the book and to hold it to keep your readers attentive.

Another tip is to relate the context of the book with the project by providing relevant evidence to it. The main argument should be first stated and then, it is related to your projects subjects. The evidence should be provided at the end of the each argument so that a reader can be easily convinced.

A literature review should be written under proper headings; headings should deliver the core of whole paragraph. It may be continued in sub heads to.

Whether it is about writing an Arts literature review or science one, you should use these simple tips to accomplish a review successfully. The essential ingredient of writing a literature review is
the book you have selected to review.

Use simple language and maintain a standard that can easily be understood anywhere.

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Custom Essays And Dissertation – An Easy Solution For Your Stress

Writing an essay or dissertation is certainly not an easy task. It requires concentration, efficient resources and knowledge about the subject at hand. Due to the tight deadlines of projects and assignments that students face it becomes difficult for them to allot time for their research work. Along with this load of work if one has to complete his/her dissertation in a short time span then its natural to become frustrated. Writing cannot be done in a hurry, it requires patience and time. Thus to aid such students in need there are a number of dissertation writing and essay writing services designed.

Custom essays service provides a team of keen and professional writers, who work on the topic, gather relevant information and design the introduction, body and conclusion for your essay. Writing custom essays require the writer to have good research, critical and writing capabilities. Prior to articulating of ideas it is very important for the writer to have knowledge about the subject. It enables the author to define the subject in an apt manner and hence using the right approach would make it a lot more attractive and interesting to read. Certain type of essay writing needs different kind of treatment. The analytical one needs to have a critical representation of various perspectives whereas for the descriptive ones, an illustration is required with in-depth knowledge about the particular subject.

The mere idea of submitting a dissertation has become like a scary thought especially for students. But one doesn’t need to get so stressed out about this fact. Like the essay services there are a number of online dissertation services available. They give dissertation help to the students and provide them with accurate and well written research papers. These services are widely available and can be contacted through different websites. They ensure that you get ample support from their writing experts who are specialized in a particular field and have enough knowledge about the current trends. They are also entitled to give you regular updates about your subject.

Choosing a dissertation topic and formulating a hypothesis serves to be the most important as well as a difficult task. We need to crack our brains a lot to actually come down to a single topic of our interest. There are various resources from which you can gather relevant information such as television, newspapers, websites, journals etc. It thus becomes very time consuming. Some of the dissertations services teach the students about how to write important elements of a dissertation, including the introduction, literature review, methodology, data and results, conclusion etc. It is largely believed that a good service is supposed to provide custom written dissertations according to the student’s specifications.

Despite the relief it provides, one must be careful while selecting such web writing services. One must always be on the look out for reliable sites. Essay writing UK is considered to be one the sites which offer such services. Your dissertation is like your valuable asset which is achieved through a lot of efforts. Ensure that you make a correct decision.

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How To Write A Literature Review For Your Thesis

A Literature Review is a study of the original and primary scholarship on a particular topic. It does not study the topic itself, just the research that has been conducted on that topic. The aim of a Literature Review is to review, analysis and evaluate these sources to identify their strengths and weaknesses, and to identify a gap in the current literature that the thesis aims to fill. The Literature Review provides the background to and justification for the research.

A review of the relevant dissertation on a particular topic is a vital component of all research degrees. There are many reasons why a review of the current literature should be conducted before beginning a research project. These include:

To identify any gaps in the literature
To avoid unnecessarily repeating work that has been carried out already
To identify important research, sources, views and theories in your field
To identify other researchers working in the same field
To allow you to understand and explain the context into which your thesis will fit
To develop ideas on how best you could undertake your own research

There are four stages to conducting the review. The first stage is to define your project. To do this you will need to know the topic or field you wish to write your thesis on. The second stage is to search for the literature. This involves searching through libraries, journal databases, the internet and other places to find all the relevant sources on your topic. You will be looking for books, monographs, journal articles, conference papers, theses, reports, papers, and studies.

The third stage is to evaluate and analyze the literature you have found. You will evaluate the sources to identify their strengths and weaknesses and to discover which sources make the most significant contribution to the field. You will analyze and interpret the literature in order to discover what information is relevant to your thesis. At this point, you will begin dividing the literature into categories. The fourth stage is to write the Literature Review itself.

The introduction should contain:

A definition of the topic or field and the objectives of the Literature Review
A introduction to the overall trends, conflicts, conclusions or themes that will be discussed
An indication of how the sources have been divided for discussion
An indication of the gap found in the literature that the thesis aims to fill

The body should contain:

A division of the literature into categories for review
A summary and analysis of each of the sources, a discussion of their strengths and weaknesses, an explanation of what they contribute to the field, and a description of how the sources differ from each other
A discussion of the gap identified in the current literature and how your thesis will attempt to fill it
Remember to structure the body of the Literature Review as you would an academic essay, making sure it is well organized and structured

The conclusion should contain:

Conclusions regarding which sources make the most valuable contribution to the understanding and development of the area of research, maintaining the focus established in the introduction
A summary of the gap identified in the current literature and how your thesis will attempt to fill it

Once you have written your Literature Review, the final step is to have it professionally edited by an academic editor. This will ensure that your work is presented in the best possible way, in formal academic language, and free from grammatical and other errors.

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Critical Literature Review Of Social Disorganisation Theory Of Criminology

Introduction

Social disorganisation theory has its history dating back to the early twentieth Century. It is based on the belief that crime and delinquency are associated with the absence or presence of communal institutions where communal institutions can refer to schools, churches or even local governments. In the theory, a community is considered organised when members belong or perform activities coordinated by central and representative figure within the community such as a local official or priest. By participating in these activities, communities create relationships between each other and consequently build a sense of communality. The latter serves to reinforce cohesion in society and curbs crimes or delinquency. Social organisation was limited to small communal groups such as local councils but was later applied to larger groups such as nations, continents and the like. (Kapsis, 1978)

Literature review

Earlier work

Thomas and Znanieki (1918) explain that the social disorganisation theory was initially applied in the City of Chicago by psychologist working for the University of Chicago; this was in the early twentieth century. The City of Chicago was quite conducive for the application and study of this theory because it had been associated with numerous migration cases from different parts of the worlds at that time. The social cohesion that had been witnessed in that City was now a thing of the past because there were numerous changes occurring. The sociologists claimed that arrival of immigrant populations within the City led to a breakdown of some of the well know social rules that had prevented occurrence of crime.

Edwin Sutherland (1924) did extensive work in the field of social disorganisation through his book ‘Principles of criminology'. In his book, he starts with the values that make peasant societies more stable and less prone to crime or delinquency. Such societies are harmonious and influences are derived from consistent sources. However, with the introduction of western societies, peasant societies were transformed by capitalist idea. Communal values no longer took precedence and instead individualistic tendencies took over. The relationships that initially dispensed cultural values and traditions disintegrated and there was ‘disorganisation'. He also believed that systemic (organised and persistent) cases of crime could be overcome if society was rearranged to deal with it. But because society is random and individualistic, cases of crime will continue to occur.

Henry Mackay and Clifford Shaw (1929) also collaborated in this filed of criminology. They were also members of the University of Chicago. In their research, they reaffirmed that there were links between the level of social ‘organisation' and crime rates. They conducted research and found out that cases of delinquency and crime were more popular in areas nearer to Chicago city than those further away. They also concluded that societies with high rates of delinquency had equal proportions of adult crimes. According to the two, high crime rates were prevalent in areas where there was physical deterioration. They also reported that some location were associated with high crime rates regardless of the fact that their populations were changing. Their explanations for these were that populations were faced with certain social challenges irrespective of their biological predispositions. Consequently, those social challenges would lead to high crime rates even when those societies had minimal cases of immigrant arrival or population changes.

The two sociologists put forward the argument that traditional norms were disoriented when there was introduction of commerce. This made social systems weaken and with time, they would eventually disappear. This could eventually lead to higher cases of crime and maybe even permissiveness towards it. Sutherland (1939) argued that there was a direct relationship between two aspects; social disorganisation in society and crime organisation. He asserted that the latter was propagated by the former once society did not try to eliminate it.

Farris (1948) did some more work in this area and eventually applied it to suicidal cases, mob justice and mental instability. According to him, social organisation was a long term and systemic interdependence of individuals within society. He believed that social disorganisation occurred when there was disintegration of this interdependence. Farris (1955) goes on to add that one can gauge crime rates on the basis of social organisation. Those ones that had minimal cases of crime were also the ones that were highly organised. He adds that cases of disorganisation were likely to occur in areas where there were high levels of industrialisation.

Criticisms to the theory

It should be noted that there were some critics to Farris', Shaw's and Sutherland's view. One such critic was Cohen (1955). He believed that the social disorganisation theory was only one sided. It was only relevant when explaining cases of delinquency or crime by asserting that there were no societal constraints. However, the theory could not explain how this came about; what were the pressures that caused individuals to exhibit deviant behaviour. Merton (1957) believes that a satisfactory theory was one that examined both sides of the coin; i.e. those who committed crimes and those ho did not.

Cohen (1955) also brings forward certain facts about the seemingly ‘disorganised societies'. He says that those societies themselves hav4e certain levels of coordinated. When one asks some of the residents of those populations about their way of life, most of them will argue that there are groupings made up of like minded characters rather than the peasant societies that were simply lumped up in one large group. Cohen (1955) believes that some society may be organised but in a defective way; this does not mean that they are disorganised.

In response to those types of criticism, Sutherland (1968) brought forward new ideas about the issue. He explained that there are social systems in which pressures are inconsistent and by continuously subjecting individual to this kind of system, then the influences would consequently turn out to be organised. Suttles (1968) also supports Sutherland's explanations through his book ‘social order of the slums'. He explains that organisation within any society can occur up to a certain extent but not wholly within the entire society. This meant that the level of social organisation depended upon the subject who was examining the issue. Actually problems with the subjectivity of the social disorganisation theory brought an end to its use in the sixties. This is because social organisation was deemed as a negative character trait.

Burner (1954) also did some work in the field of crime and delinquency and further added some criticism to the social disorganisation theory. He believed that crime and delinquency were seen as indicators of social disorganisation yet at the same time. These were the same causative factors of crime. He explained that social disorganisation could not be measured directly and that it could only be deduced from certain observable issues. He adds that cases pf organisation were prevalent in all spheres if life even when the individuals concerned were themselves socially deviant. This sociologist believed that social disorganisation was in itself an ambiguous term and that its application were likely to cause one to circumvent around the same thing.

Contemporary social disorganisation theorists

However, one should not ignore the fact that the social disorganisation theory has been used o link social relations to crime and also how the latter is linked to traditional social institutions. These arguments brought about some new introductions in that area. One of the recent sociologists in this regard were; Geerken, Crutchfield and Gove (1982). They believed that social cohesion was ruined upon the introduction of different populations. They went ahead to link this to the cases of prevailing crime rates to population changes.

Stark et al (1983) also supported the belief that population turnover could infer social disorganisation and they supported this with statistics in different countries. They provide a link between new populations and crime rates. The main difference between these views and the earlier views of social disorganisation was the fact that research done later focused on the positive rather than on the negative aspect; that is, they mostly dealt with the issue of social organisation rather than disorganisation. Consequently, even the level of criticism against this new evidence was not as much as it was in the sixties.

Contemporary social disorganisation theorists assert that their explanations may not necessarily apply to all types of crime. They add that most of the instances in which the theory would be appropriate are when dealing with cases of property crimes. However crimes like homicides which were committed between two specific individuals may be explained with other theories. This is because the social disorganization theory is based upon the issue of population turnover and therefore, when crimes deal with only one individual then this may prove to be inappropriate for the social disorganisation theory.

Other ideas on the social disorganisation theory

Some sociologists like Taylor (2001) introduced fresh concepts to the theory. He introduced the term collective efficacy which he described as the existence of similar characteristics between different aspects of society that facilitate social integration. He highlighted some of the traits that could make a society be deemed as possessing collective efficacy;

1) When members of the community get along

2) When there are local organisations

3) When the local organisations collectively try to curb crime

4) When members of the community have similar ideas about what is wring or right

Kapsis (1978) did some work in this regard and came up with new ways of collecting data in the social disorganisation theory. He examined three different neighbourhoods experiencing three different levels of population changes. In one community, there were no population changes hence no racial changes, in another community, there were moderate levels of racial change and in the third, there were serious racial and population changes. His results were consistent with the social disorganisation theory which found that crime rates were less prevalent in the ‘stable' community than in nay other community.

Schwartz (1986) also found that delinquent behaviour among adolescents was rather high in communities that were not stable; he used self reports for his study. Others who have done working in this field include Sampson & Groves (1989). They conducted most of their research in two hundred neighbourhoods in Britain. They mainly examined cases of criminal offence and victimisation. In their study, they found that the reasons behind social disorganisation was that there were teenage groups that were unsupervised, they also cited cases of low levels of organisation and few instances of friendships within those communities. Some of the factors that caused the latter mentioned issues are

• frequent movements between neighbourhoods
• disruptions within families
• ethnic disharmony
• poor economic situations
• industrialisation or urbanisation

Patterson (1991) concurred with these findings by asserting that cases in which there were high cases of delinquency and crime corresponded to non-economical factors such as those factors cited in the social disorganisation theory. Other theorists also put forward the argument that crime rtes could be related to social network. Stark (1983), Krohn (1986) and Freundenberg (1986) supported those view points by explaining that cases of social control could be instituted by informal existence of social networks. When there were certain relationships between different members of the community, then cases of delinquency were likely to go down. The main difference between these views and those held by earlier theorists is the fact that there is examination of both social organisation and disorganisation with regard to the social networks. This has served to eradicate some of the criticisms that were brought about in earlier work done by social disorganisation theorists.

Some new concepts brought forward by Grasmick and Bursik (1993) clarified some of the vague aspects of the theory. They defined three major levels of social integration i.e.

1) parochial control

2) personal control

3) public control

Personal control is defined by the social networks that existed between different individuals within a community. Parochial control refers to relationships that exist between different members of the community and their institutions; these may include schools and businesses as explained by earlier theorists such as Shaw. It is possible to find that one particular community has strong personal controls but has minimal or no parochial controls. Lastly, there is the issue of public control. This refers to the relationship between members of the community and their government. Again, it may be possible to find certain societies with high levels of parochial control but with minimal levels of public control. This is the reason why some areas such as slums may be deemed to have certain levels of organisation but still exhibit crime prevalence. The existence of these levels of control can also explain why there may be cases of gang violence in seemingly stable neighbourhoods.

Wesley Skogan (1986) continued wit proposal made by Farris on the mid fifties about the connection between crime and social control. Skogan established a link between crime and social disorganisation. He claimed that instead of looking at crime as an out come of social disorganisation, there could be the use of a feedback approach. He explains that when crime and delinquency occurred within a given community, then this would cause more fear among the inhabitants and it would also cause withdrawal from members of the community; this could be manifested either psychologically or even physically. Later on, such a community would be plagued with deteriorating businesses and a weakening of control systems within that community.

Skogan's work was supported by Marowitz (2001) et al. They used information from the British data to come up with certain explanations. They asserted that there was a loop between; crime, fear and social disorganisations. Crime brought about fear and fear brought about social disorganisation. On the other hand, social disorganisation brought about crime. There was a level of interdependence between these three aspects.

Relationships between social disorganisation theory and other theories

The social control theory is one in which there are certain linkages between cases of delinquency and social controls. Hirschi (1969) explained that there were four main spheres of social controls that he felt needed to be addressed in order to reduce deviance

• participation in traditional activities
• reception of moral beliefs
• attachments to others
• loyalty to traditional goals

Social bonds as put forward in the social control theory can be related to social networks as explained in the social disorganisation theory. Also, both theories look at the social causative factors of crime and delinquency, the only difference is that in one, there is more precedence to population changes while in the other theory, there is precedence to community relationships. The latter corresponds with the social control theory while the latter corresponds to the social disorganisation theory.

Responses to criticisms

Because there have been criticisms made against social disorganisation theorists based on the fact that they emphasise on the lack of controls rather than the motivating factors behind crime. Some theorists have come up with various explanations to those criticisms. Merton (1957) proposed the issue of cultural values. He argues that in urbanised societies such as the one he was studying placed a lot of pressure on their members to achieve economic success. However, that same society did not provide its citizens with adequate resources to achieve those goals. Consequently, they were tempted to utilise other unconventional ways in order to realise those goals; some of them opt for crime.

Cohen (1955) on the other hand, came up with his own motivating factors and strongly disagreed with the ones put forward by Merton. He believed that there was pressure exerted upon teenagers and adolescents to pursue goals impose upon them by their parents. Most of these teenagers feel frustrated in that process and react by forming their own goal that are in exact opposition to the ones put forward by their parents. He believes that most of this frustration propagates cases of subcultures. The latter cultures are usually formed in direct opposition to conventional beliefs and may make it okay o do things that are deemed deviant. This is why they may encourage crime.

Other sociologists have drawn certain similarities between these two systems. They argued that both motivational factors proposed by Merton and Cohen linked goals and societal pressures. There were therefore called strain theories.

Unanswered questions in the theory

Jensen (1998) has argued that the above mentioned motivational factors may be contradictory. The main issue behind the social disorganisation theory is the fact that there is a deficiency in institutional and communal systems during the process of instilling values in adolescents and members of the community. This lack of values is the cause of crime. However, when one looks at the pressures stated above; pursuance of conventional gaol, they find that it is not linked to crime. Agnew (2001) brought out the fact that when individual strive to pursue societal or traditional goals, there are minimal cases of crime. As a matter of fact, pursuing those goals deters crime and this goes against Cohen's and Merton's goals.

The theory of social disorganisation presupposes that cultural norms and values generally discourage crime and delinquency. However, there have been suggestions by Yinger (1960) and Empey (1967) that there are certain ways in which cultural beliefs are ‘disorganised'. Gresham Sykes and Matza (1961) suggest there are instances on which certain societies may not necessary respect or grant status to people who obey the law. They explain that sometimes people have profound respect for those who managed to abate the law and involve themselves in risky endeavours.

Sykes and Matza (1958) suggest that there are instances when people may forgive or tolerate crimes when the victim was not a very likeable character, or when an offender felt that he had no other alternative or when there was no clearly defined victim. These beliefs are even applied in legal systems where they are called ‘extenuating circumstances'. One can therefore say that cultural norms may present conflicting meanings and may bring about certain levels of ‘disorganisation'.

Sellin (1938) put forward some points that are still unanswered. He believed that certain societies may have subcultures and in each of those subcultures, there may be a very consistent and harmonious message put forward by the subcultures. However, it is possible to find that certain norms within one subculture may not be tolerated by another culture. What this does is that it causes conflict especially when those groups: share borders, share common laws or had different histories.

Conclusion

In light of these facts, there is a challenge for sociologists to come up with distinctions between the various types of ‘social disorganisation'. There is a need to measure social disorganisation. This has not been achieved until today. There is also a need to make out the differences between social organisation and social disorganisation in relation to crime. If all these issues are addressed, the theory of social disorganisation will be satisfactory in the explanation of crime and delinquency. However, one must not underestimate what it had achieved so far; it has managed to show that crime rates can be inferred to social factors and their lack thereof.

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