Literature research paper

Literature research paper is an important part of the school and college curricula. It requires a lot of patience and hard work to make a proper literature paper.

Literature review is one of the great blessings of mankind. The reading habit is one of the

greatest resources of mankind.

We can look into their innermost heart of hearts. Borrowed

books are like guests in the house. They have to be handled with considerate formality.

our own books can be handled and enjoyed more freely. Favorite passages in them can

be marked for easy reference. Their pages can be dog eared. We should, therefore, start

building up a private library in our youth. Our book shelves should be free from doors

and windows. These should be freely visible and accessible. Our books are the best mural

decorations. They are our intimate friends. While sitting alone in the firelight, we are

surrounded by these friends in print. The awareness that the books are there at hand is in

itself stimulating and refreshing, even if we don’t read all of them.

The main point in making a literature research paper is the collection of different facts from different sources. Most of the data collected will be secondary in nature. Different types of sources can be used like reviews, dossiers, biographies, letters, diaries etc. for collecting vital data.

1) Letters: letters are often used by researchers as evidences in the study of the Polish Peasant. The authors Thomas and Znaniecki analyzed 754 letters exchanged between the Poles in the USA and those in Poland. Most of the educated persons write a number of letters during the course of their lives. Letters are the medium of expressions of the feelings, likes and dislikes, plans, attitudes, desires, emotions, ambitions and also important incidents of life. Letters are personal and reliable. Therefore, they constitute one of the most reliable sources of information about interrelationships, such as friendship, love, marital affairs, family tensions and divorces etc. In spite of so many advantages, letters have notable limitations, which are as follows-

a) It is difficult to collect private letters. In the first instance, many people do not preserve their letters for a long time. This is particularly true about those letters which consist of important secrets. Secondly, no one can pass off his personal or confidential letters to any other person

b) The letters do not provide detailed and complete description of incidents.

c) If letters of only one persons are secured, they hardly provide scientific data since no comparable information is available

d) It is difficult to imagine as to how much reliability may be expected in a letter. It may be absolutely false and descriptive. For example, love letters are generally full of artificiality, hypocrisy and deceit.

Literature is the immortal part of history and an enduring part of our personality. The great dead are beyond our physical reach. The great living beings are seldom accessible. But in our private library, we can communicate with even the most celebrated writers at any moment, through their books, in which they have laid themselves out.

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Secret of Successful Literature

Writing a literature thesis is not that tricky. However, it comprises of many steps.

The following steps distinguishes in the set-up of a thesis,
a) Cover and title-page on the title-page of a literature thesis should have the writer’s name, the date and year with the supervisors name and dept.
b) Second comes the preface and acknowledgments here the thesis writer has to give reasons for taking the particular subject, and must not forget to thank all those people who have contributed in the completion of this literature thesis.

c) Next comes the table of contents

d) Introduction
An introduction should be very clear and should be able to grab the readers’ interest. The literature thesis writer should state briefly what he /she is going to do and how and should mention the various parts of the literature thesis.


e) Body
In order to write a good literature thesis the writer should know the author’s biography. It is important to mention basics like when and where he lived, the country and his way of life. This way it would be easy for the reader to know what circumstances the story was written. If the writer knows all these peculiarities, the literature thesis can be really reflective.
To succeed in writing a good literature review thesis the writer should study the critics of other authors concerning this particular work. The writer has to be aware of other points of view. Critics will also help the writer to understand something that that he or she could not sort out themselves.
In a literature review thesis the writer should make an analysis of the influence of the chosen work on literature in general.
F) Conclusion
A good literature review thesis will always have a good impact on the reader. So that he reads more and without unfailing interest right till the conclusion.
f) Appendices


e) Footnotes
Footnotes should be incorporated in the literature thesis they can also be cited at the bottom of the page or at the end of the chapter.
g) Bibliography
All material used to prepare the literature thesis.

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Tips on Writing a State-of-the-Art English Literature Dissertation

Here comes the time of final English literature dissertation writing. Before anything else you should understand that literature dissertation is quite longer than any other dissertation writing, and require a deep involvement with the area of research. As literature is a very elegant and deep subject, hence the assessment by university or college would be done at much higher standard than the assessment of other areas of studies.

Before moving further, it's important to discuss that what Literature is. According to Wikipedia, "Literature is the art of written works". Subsequently, when we see what English Literature is, Wikipedia now define it as, "English literature is the literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England".

While writing your English literature dissertation, you need to focus greatly on dissertation literature review. You should not mix the connotation of literature review with the main English literature dissertation. Literature review of dissertation is actually a part of the dissertation in which you deeply go through the written work done by the previous English writers, and cite the important points which are necessary for your English literature dissertation. I recommend reading the work of famous writers like Charles Dickens, William Makepeach Thackeray's, Bronte sisters, Oscar Wilde's, and Rudyard Kipling in order to find some great ideas for your English literature dissertation topics.

Don't forget to use the referencing style which is recommended by your university/college. Ask your supervisor about the style they follow before starting the literature review, and stick to it from start to end. Harvard, Oxford, APA, MLA and MHRA are some famous referencing styles used in dissertation writing. Usually, MLA style is used for the subjects like literature, arts, and humanities, therefore you will most probably be asked to use MLA style.

As you will go through an English literature based dissertation, error free and good standard of English will be required to avoid criticism and embarrassment. Moreover, take care that final copy of your English literature dissertation should not contain any grammar, typography and spelling mistakes. Proof read the final work several times, and also get it proof read by your friends and family members to make it a perfect English literature dissertation without a single mistake in it.

Conclusion

Of course, the time of dissertation writing is tough but the time could be interesting. Don't take your English literature writing as a burden, take it easy and do it systematically. Once, you understand how to write literature dissertations, no force in this world can stop you to complete your dissertation far before the expected completion time.

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3 Essential Tips To Accomplish A Literature Review Successfully

I feel dizzy, whenever it comes to writing a literature review. The fact is it’s a literary piece, which needs thorough reading of related academic resources along with understanding them all completely. It is the discussion, which gives your point of view on published material. Literature review is based on contextualize and latest research work, which is mostly placed in the beginning of the project, so that a reader can refer to it completely.

Including a summary in a dissertation literature review is a wrong theory, because it involves review of only important body contents of the book, that is, the main arguments should be discussed in a paper. I usually highlight the main parts of the book while reading it, which are relevant to my project. This is the main trick to grab the important parts of the book and to hold it to keep your readers attentive.

Another tip is to relate the context of the book with the project by providing relevant evidence to it. The main argument should be first stated and then, it is related to your projects subjects. The evidence should be provided at the end of the each argument so that a reader can be easily convinced.

A literature review should be written under proper headings; headings should deliver the core of whole paragraph. It may be continued in sub heads to.

Whether it is about writing an Arts literature review or science one, you should use these simple tips to accomplish a review successfully. The essential ingredient of writing a literature review is
the book you have selected to review.

Use simple language and maintain a standard that can easily be understood anywhere.

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Custom Essays And Dissertation – An Easy Solution For Your Stress

Writing an essay or dissertation is certainly not an easy task. It requires concentration, efficient resources and knowledge about the subject at hand. Due to the tight deadlines of projects and assignments that students face it becomes difficult for them to allot time for their research work. Along with this load of work if one has to complete his/her dissertation in a short time span then its natural to become frustrated. Writing cannot be done in a hurry, it requires patience and time. Thus to aid such students in need there are a number of dissertation writing and essay writing services designed.

Custom essays service provides a team of keen and professional writers, who work on the topic, gather relevant information and design the introduction, body and conclusion for your essay. Writing custom essays require the writer to have good research, critical and writing capabilities. Prior to articulating of ideas it is very important for the writer to have knowledge about the subject. It enables the author to define the subject in an apt manner and hence using the right approach would make it a lot more attractive and interesting to read. Certain type of essay writing needs different kind of treatment. The analytical one needs to have a critical representation of various perspectives whereas for the descriptive ones, an illustration is required with in-depth knowledge about the particular subject.

The mere idea of submitting a dissertation has become like a scary thought especially for students. But one doesn’t need to get so stressed out about this fact. Like the essay services there are a number of online dissertation services available. They give dissertation help to the students and provide them with accurate and well written research papers. These services are widely available and can be contacted through different websites. They ensure that you get ample support from their writing experts who are specialized in a particular field and have enough knowledge about the current trends. They are also entitled to give you regular updates about your subject.

Choosing a dissertation topic and formulating a hypothesis serves to be the most important as well as a difficult task. We need to crack our brains a lot to actually come down to a single topic of our interest. There are various resources from which you can gather relevant information such as television, newspapers, websites, journals etc. It thus becomes very time consuming. Some of the dissertations services teach the students about how to write important elements of a dissertation, including the introduction, literature review, methodology, data and results, conclusion etc. It is largely believed that a good service is supposed to provide custom written dissertations according to the student’s specifications.

Despite the relief it provides, one must be careful while selecting such web writing services. One must always be on the look out for reliable sites. Essay writing UK is considered to be one the sites which offer such services. Your dissertation is like your valuable asset which is achieved through a lot of efforts. Ensure that you make a correct decision.

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How To Write A Literature Review For Your Thesis

A Literature Review is a study of the original and primary scholarship on a particular topic. It does not study the topic itself, just the research that has been conducted on that topic. The aim of a Literature Review is to review, analysis and evaluate these sources to identify their strengths and weaknesses, and to identify a gap in the current literature that the thesis aims to fill. The Literature Review provides the background to and justification for the research.

A review of the relevant dissertation on a particular topic is a vital component of all research degrees. There are many reasons why a review of the current literature should be conducted before beginning a research project. These include:

To identify any gaps in the literature
To avoid unnecessarily repeating work that has been carried out already
To identify important research, sources, views and theories in your field
To identify other researchers working in the same field
To allow you to understand and explain the context into which your thesis will fit
To develop ideas on how best you could undertake your own research

There are four stages to conducting the review. The first stage is to define your project. To do this you will need to know the topic or field you wish to write your thesis on. The second stage is to search for the literature. This involves searching through libraries, journal databases, the internet and other places to find all the relevant sources on your topic. You will be looking for books, monographs, journal articles, conference papers, theses, reports, papers, and studies.

The third stage is to evaluate and analyze the literature you have found. You will evaluate the sources to identify their strengths and weaknesses and to discover which sources make the most significant contribution to the field. You will analyze and interpret the literature in order to discover what information is relevant to your thesis. At this point, you will begin dividing the literature into categories. The fourth stage is to write the Literature Review itself.

The introduction should contain:

A definition of the topic or field and the objectives of the Literature Review
A introduction to the overall trends, conflicts, conclusions or themes that will be discussed
An indication of how the sources have been divided for discussion
An indication of the gap found in the literature that the thesis aims to fill

The body should contain:

A division of the literature into categories for review
A summary and analysis of each of the sources, a discussion of their strengths and weaknesses, an explanation of what they contribute to the field, and a description of how the sources differ from each other
A discussion of the gap identified in the current literature and how your thesis will attempt to fill it
Remember to structure the body of the Literature Review as you would an academic essay, making sure it is well organized and structured

The conclusion should contain:

Conclusions regarding which sources make the most valuable contribution to the understanding and development of the area of research, maintaining the focus established in the introduction
A summary of the gap identified in the current literature and how your thesis will attempt to fill it

Once you have written your Literature Review, the final step is to have it professionally edited by an academic editor. This will ensure that your work is presented in the best possible way, in formal academic language, and free from grammatical and other errors.

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Critical Literature Review Of Social Disorganisation Theory Of Criminology

Introduction

Social disorganisation theory has its history dating back to the early twentieth Century. It is based on the belief that crime and delinquency are associated with the absence or presence of communal institutions where communal institutions can refer to schools, churches or even local governments. In the theory, a community is considered organised when members belong or perform activities coordinated by central and representative figure within the community such as a local official or priest. By participating in these activities, communities create relationships between each other and consequently build a sense of communality. The latter serves to reinforce cohesion in society and curbs crimes or delinquency. Social organisation was limited to small communal groups such as local councils but was later applied to larger groups such as nations, continents and the like. (Kapsis, 1978)

Literature review

Earlier work

Thomas and Znanieki (1918) explain that the social disorganisation theory was initially applied in the City of Chicago by psychologist working for the University of Chicago; this was in the early twentieth century. The City of Chicago was quite conducive for the application and study of this theory because it had been associated with numerous migration cases from different parts of the worlds at that time. The social cohesion that had been witnessed in that City was now a thing of the past because there were numerous changes occurring. The sociologists claimed that arrival of immigrant populations within the City led to a breakdown of some of the well know social rules that had prevented occurrence of crime.

Edwin Sutherland (1924) did extensive work in the field of social disorganisation through his book ‘Principles of criminology'. In his book, he starts with the values that make peasant societies more stable and less prone to crime or delinquency. Such societies are harmonious and influences are derived from consistent sources. However, with the introduction of western societies, peasant societies were transformed by capitalist idea. Communal values no longer took precedence and instead individualistic tendencies took over. The relationships that initially dispensed cultural values and traditions disintegrated and there was ‘disorganisation'. He also believed that systemic (organised and persistent) cases of crime could be overcome if society was rearranged to deal with it. But because society is random and individualistic, cases of crime will continue to occur.

Henry Mackay and Clifford Shaw (1929) also collaborated in this filed of criminology. They were also members of the University of Chicago. In their research, they reaffirmed that there were links between the level of social ‘organisation' and crime rates. They conducted research and found out that cases of delinquency and crime were more popular in areas nearer to Chicago city than those further away. They also concluded that societies with high rates of delinquency had equal proportions of adult crimes. According to the two, high crime rates were prevalent in areas where there was physical deterioration. They also reported that some location were associated with high crime rates regardless of the fact that their populations were changing. Their explanations for these were that populations were faced with certain social challenges irrespective of their biological predispositions. Consequently, those social challenges would lead to high crime rates even when those societies had minimal cases of immigrant arrival or population changes.

The two sociologists put forward the argument that traditional norms were disoriented when there was introduction of commerce. This made social systems weaken and with time, they would eventually disappear. This could eventually lead to higher cases of crime and maybe even permissiveness towards it. Sutherland (1939) argued that there was a direct relationship between two aspects; social disorganisation in society and crime organisation. He asserted that the latter was propagated by the former once society did not try to eliminate it.

Farris (1948) did some more work in this area and eventually applied it to suicidal cases, mob justice and mental instability. According to him, social organisation was a long term and systemic interdependence of individuals within society. He believed that social disorganisation occurred when there was disintegration of this interdependence. Farris (1955) goes on to add that one can gauge crime rates on the basis of social organisation. Those ones that had minimal cases of crime were also the ones that were highly organised. He adds that cases of disorganisation were likely to occur in areas where there were high levels of industrialisation.

Criticisms to the theory

It should be noted that there were some critics to Farris', Shaw's and Sutherland's view. One such critic was Cohen (1955). He believed that the social disorganisation theory was only one sided. It was only relevant when explaining cases of delinquency or crime by asserting that there were no societal constraints. However, the theory could not explain how this came about; what were the pressures that caused individuals to exhibit deviant behaviour. Merton (1957) believes that a satisfactory theory was one that examined both sides of the coin; i.e. those who committed crimes and those ho did not.

Cohen (1955) also brings forward certain facts about the seemingly ‘disorganised societies'. He says that those societies themselves hav4e certain levels of coordinated. When one asks some of the residents of those populations about their way of life, most of them will argue that there are groupings made up of like minded characters rather than the peasant societies that were simply lumped up in one large group. Cohen (1955) believes that some society may be organised but in a defective way; this does not mean that they are disorganised.

In response to those types of criticism, Sutherland (1968) brought forward new ideas about the issue. He explained that there are social systems in which pressures are inconsistent and by continuously subjecting individual to this kind of system, then the influences would consequently turn out to be organised. Suttles (1968) also supports Sutherland's explanations through his book ‘social order of the slums'. He explains that organisation within any society can occur up to a certain extent but not wholly within the entire society. This meant that the level of social organisation depended upon the subject who was examining the issue. Actually problems with the subjectivity of the social disorganisation theory brought an end to its use in the sixties. This is because social organisation was deemed as a negative character trait.

Burner (1954) also did some work in the field of crime and delinquency and further added some criticism to the social disorganisation theory. He believed that crime and delinquency were seen as indicators of social disorganisation yet at the same time. These were the same causative factors of crime. He explained that social disorganisation could not be measured directly and that it could only be deduced from certain observable issues. He adds that cases pf organisation were prevalent in all spheres if life even when the individuals concerned were themselves socially deviant. This sociologist believed that social disorganisation was in itself an ambiguous term and that its application were likely to cause one to circumvent around the same thing.

Contemporary social disorganisation theorists

However, one should not ignore the fact that the social disorganisation theory has been used o link social relations to crime and also how the latter is linked to traditional social institutions. These arguments brought about some new introductions in that area. One of the recent sociologists in this regard were; Geerken, Crutchfield and Gove (1982). They believed that social cohesion was ruined upon the introduction of different populations. They went ahead to link this to the cases of prevailing crime rates to population changes.

Stark et al (1983) also supported the belief that population turnover could infer social disorganisation and they supported this with statistics in different countries. They provide a link between new populations and crime rates. The main difference between these views and the earlier views of social disorganisation was the fact that research done later focused on the positive rather than on the negative aspect; that is, they mostly dealt with the issue of social organisation rather than disorganisation. Consequently, even the level of criticism against this new evidence was not as much as it was in the sixties.

Contemporary social disorganisation theorists assert that their explanations may not necessarily apply to all types of crime. They add that most of the instances in which the theory would be appropriate are when dealing with cases of property crimes. However crimes like homicides which were committed between two specific individuals may be explained with other theories. This is because the social disorganization theory is based upon the issue of population turnover and therefore, when crimes deal with only one individual then this may prove to be inappropriate for the social disorganisation theory.

Other ideas on the social disorganisation theory

Some sociologists like Taylor (2001) introduced fresh concepts to the theory. He introduced the term collective efficacy which he described as the existence of similar characteristics between different aspects of society that facilitate social integration. He highlighted some of the traits that could make a society be deemed as possessing collective efficacy;

1) When members of the community get along

2) When there are local organisations

3) When the local organisations collectively try to curb crime

4) When members of the community have similar ideas about what is wring or right

Kapsis (1978) did some work in this regard and came up with new ways of collecting data in the social disorganisation theory. He examined three different neighbourhoods experiencing three different levels of population changes. In one community, there were no population changes hence no racial changes, in another community, there were moderate levels of racial change and in the third, there were serious racial and population changes. His results were consistent with the social disorganisation theory which found that crime rates were less prevalent in the ‘stable' community than in nay other community.

Schwartz (1986) also found that delinquent behaviour among adolescents was rather high in communities that were not stable; he used self reports for his study. Others who have done working in this field include Sampson & Groves (1989). They conducted most of their research in two hundred neighbourhoods in Britain. They mainly examined cases of criminal offence and victimisation. In their study, they found that the reasons behind social disorganisation was that there were teenage groups that were unsupervised, they also cited cases of low levels of organisation and few instances of friendships within those communities. Some of the factors that caused the latter mentioned issues are

• frequent movements between neighbourhoods
• disruptions within families
• ethnic disharmony
• poor economic situations
• industrialisation or urbanisation

Patterson (1991) concurred with these findings by asserting that cases in which there were high cases of delinquency and crime corresponded to non-economical factors such as those factors cited in the social disorganisation theory. Other theorists also put forward the argument that crime rtes could be related to social network. Stark (1983), Krohn (1986) and Freundenberg (1986) supported those view points by explaining that cases of social control could be instituted by informal existence of social networks. When there were certain relationships between different members of the community, then cases of delinquency were likely to go down. The main difference between these views and those held by earlier theorists is the fact that there is examination of both social organisation and disorganisation with regard to the social networks. This has served to eradicate some of the criticisms that were brought about in earlier work done by social disorganisation theorists.

Some new concepts brought forward by Grasmick and Bursik (1993) clarified some of the vague aspects of the theory. They defined three major levels of social integration i.e.

1) parochial control

2) personal control

3) public control

Personal control is defined by the social networks that existed between different individuals within a community. Parochial control refers to relationships that exist between different members of the community and their institutions; these may include schools and businesses as explained by earlier theorists such as Shaw. It is possible to find that one particular community has strong personal controls but has minimal or no parochial controls. Lastly, there is the issue of public control. This refers to the relationship between members of the community and their government. Again, it may be possible to find certain societies with high levels of parochial control but with minimal levels of public control. This is the reason why some areas such as slums may be deemed to have certain levels of organisation but still exhibit crime prevalence. The existence of these levels of control can also explain why there may be cases of gang violence in seemingly stable neighbourhoods.

Wesley Skogan (1986) continued wit proposal made by Farris on the mid fifties about the connection between crime and social control. Skogan established a link between crime and social disorganisation. He claimed that instead of looking at crime as an out come of social disorganisation, there could be the use of a feedback approach. He explains that when crime and delinquency occurred within a given community, then this would cause more fear among the inhabitants and it would also cause withdrawal from members of the community; this could be manifested either psychologically or even physically. Later on, such a community would be plagued with deteriorating businesses and a weakening of control systems within that community.

Skogan's work was supported by Marowitz (2001) et al. They used information from the British data to come up with certain explanations. They asserted that there was a loop between; crime, fear and social disorganisations. Crime brought about fear and fear brought about social disorganisation. On the other hand, social disorganisation brought about crime. There was a level of interdependence between these three aspects.

Relationships between social disorganisation theory and other theories

The social control theory is one in which there are certain linkages between cases of delinquency and social controls. Hirschi (1969) explained that there were four main spheres of social controls that he felt needed to be addressed in order to reduce deviance

• participation in traditional activities
• reception of moral beliefs
• attachments to others
• loyalty to traditional goals

Social bonds as put forward in the social control theory can be related to social networks as explained in the social disorganisation theory. Also, both theories look at the social causative factors of crime and delinquency, the only difference is that in one, there is more precedence to population changes while in the other theory, there is precedence to community relationships. The latter corresponds with the social control theory while the latter corresponds to the social disorganisation theory.

Responses to criticisms

Because there have been criticisms made against social disorganisation theorists based on the fact that they emphasise on the lack of controls rather than the motivating factors behind crime. Some theorists have come up with various explanations to those criticisms. Merton (1957) proposed the issue of cultural values. He argues that in urbanised societies such as the one he was studying placed a lot of pressure on their members to achieve economic success. However, that same society did not provide its citizens with adequate resources to achieve those goals. Consequently, they were tempted to utilise other unconventional ways in order to realise those goals; some of them opt for crime.

Cohen (1955) on the other hand, came up with his own motivating factors and strongly disagreed with the ones put forward by Merton. He believed that there was pressure exerted upon teenagers and adolescents to pursue goals impose upon them by their parents. Most of these teenagers feel frustrated in that process and react by forming their own goal that are in exact opposition to the ones put forward by their parents. He believes that most of this frustration propagates cases of subcultures. The latter cultures are usually formed in direct opposition to conventional beliefs and may make it okay o do things that are deemed deviant. This is why they may encourage crime.

Other sociologists have drawn certain similarities between these two systems. They argued that both motivational factors proposed by Merton and Cohen linked goals and societal pressures. There were therefore called strain theories.

Unanswered questions in the theory

Jensen (1998) has argued that the above mentioned motivational factors may be contradictory. The main issue behind the social disorganisation theory is the fact that there is a deficiency in institutional and communal systems during the process of instilling values in adolescents and members of the community. This lack of values is the cause of crime. However, when one looks at the pressures stated above; pursuance of conventional gaol, they find that it is not linked to crime. Agnew (2001) brought out the fact that when individual strive to pursue societal or traditional goals, there are minimal cases of crime. As a matter of fact, pursuing those goals deters crime and this goes against Cohen's and Merton's goals.

The theory of social disorganisation presupposes that cultural norms and values generally discourage crime and delinquency. However, there have been suggestions by Yinger (1960) and Empey (1967) that there are certain ways in which cultural beliefs are ‘disorganised'. Gresham Sykes and Matza (1961) suggest there are instances on which certain societies may not necessary respect or grant status to people who obey the law. They explain that sometimes people have profound respect for those who managed to abate the law and involve themselves in risky endeavours.

Sykes and Matza (1958) suggest that there are instances when people may forgive or tolerate crimes when the victim was not a very likeable character, or when an offender felt that he had no other alternative or when there was no clearly defined victim. These beliefs are even applied in legal systems where they are called ‘extenuating circumstances'. One can therefore say that cultural norms may present conflicting meanings and may bring about certain levels of ‘disorganisation'.

Sellin (1938) put forward some points that are still unanswered. He believed that certain societies may have subcultures and in each of those subcultures, there may be a very consistent and harmonious message put forward by the subcultures. However, it is possible to find that certain norms within one subculture may not be tolerated by another culture. What this does is that it causes conflict especially when those groups: share borders, share common laws or had different histories.

Conclusion

In light of these facts, there is a challenge for sociologists to come up with distinctions between the various types of ‘social disorganisation'. There is a need to measure social disorganisation. This has not been achieved until today. There is also a need to make out the differences between social organisation and social disorganisation in relation to crime. If all these issues are addressed, the theory of social disorganisation will be satisfactory in the explanation of crime and delinquency. However, one must not underestimate what it had achieved so far; it has managed to show that crime rates can be inferred to social factors and their lack thereof.

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